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lecture_notes:04-09-2010 [2010/04/11 21:57]
learithe
lecture_notes:04-09-2010 [2010/04/11 22:32]
learithe
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 Take fix mode script from /​projects/​compbio/​bin/​scripts and replace protein user group with BME 235 user group. Take fix mode script from /​projects/​compbio/​bin/​scripts and replace protein user group with BME 235 user group.
  
-Next week will have a reference genome (POG) to use for testing the tools on. +Next week will have a reference genome (//​Pyrobaculum oguniense//,​ aka //"​Pog"//​) to use for testing the tools on. 
-For the most part POG is done; however, there are still some uncertainty with 8 SNPs left. It is definitely past the MIAMI standard at this point.+For the most part Pog is done; however, there are still some uncertainty with 8 SNPs left. It is definitely past the MIAMI standard at this point. ​(//Pog// assembly is down to only 8 snps & one potentially variable insert)
  
-Note about sequencing platform quality scores: most platforms are trying to use the phred quality score((http://​en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​Phred_quality_score)),​ so the quality score is comparable between the platforms and runs+Note about sequencing platform quality scores: most platforms are trying to use the phred quality score((http://​en.wikipedia.org/​wiki/​Phred_quality_score)),​ so the quality score is theoretically ​comparable between the platforms and runs (although calibration causes scores to vary between runs and instruments nonetheless)
  
 It can be informative,​ once reads are mapped, to look at the quality scores for reads with observed errors. It can be informative,​ once reads are mapped, to look at the quality scores for reads with observed errors.
  
-//Pog// assembly ​is down to only 8 snps & one potentially variable insert+ 
 + 
 +Lior Pachter (from UC Berkeley) is vising on Monday, to speak about the Bowtie/TopHat/CuffLinks algorithms. Bowtie: mapping; TopHat/Cufflinks: find splice junctions, predicted spliced transcripts. Bowtie ​is used in a lot of the assembly agorithms.
  
 ===== Main lecture: Assembler graphs ===== ===== Main lecture: Assembler graphs =====
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 Types of assembler graphs: Types of assembler graphs:
   * Overlap graph   * Overlap graph
-  * de Bruijn graph+  * de Bruijn graph  ​(pronounced like "De Broin"​)
  
 Differences are "What are the nodes?"​ Differences are "What are the nodes?"​
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             B             B
 </​code>​ </​code>​
-The problem is the direction of the reads when aligning:+The problem ​with edges between contig nodes is in defining ​direction of the reads when aligning:
   * 4 different edge scenarios:   * 4 different edge scenarios:
     * -> -> (A -> B)     * -> -> (A -> B)
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   * 3 different edge types:   * 3 different edge types:
     * same dir: A to B / B to A     * same dir: A to B / B to A
-    * tail-to-tail:​ A' to B  +    * tail-to-tail ​(convergent): A' to B  
-    * head-to-head:​ A to B'+    * head-to-head ​(divergent): A to B' 
 + 
 +Need to have some tolerance for error because the reads are noisy. When creating read overlaps, if you require 100% pairing, you’ll miss a lot of data. plus these include the read ends, where quality falls off. so need a “overlap quality score”. 
 + 
 +Can’t do all-vs-all searches (n^2 algorithms not a good idea with billions of reads…). So how do you search what to overlap? Most algorithms do a blast-like filter before trying to align edges (~ nlogn) 
 + 
 + 
 +(Side Note: for transcriptome libraries, if done properly, reads should have known strandedness,​ so can’t be run through algorithms which make strandedness arbitrary (story about problems with a prominent yeast microarray transcriptome analysis incorrectly finding a lot of “antisense” mRNAs due to library prep error)
  
-Need to have some tolerance for error because the reads are noisy. 
  
 === de Bruijn graphs === === de Bruijn graphs ===
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 Realistically,​ there are issues: Realistically,​ there are issues:
 +== End of Contig boundaries: ==
  
-Spurs:+what if A->B and A->C and A->D BUT A->B and A->C are inconsistent with each other? 
 +… A becomes “end of contig”, because you aren’t sure where to go next 
 +also end of contig if there are no more edges from the node 
 + 
 +== Spurs: ​==
 <​code>​ <​code>​
 kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer
     \-> kmer -> kmer -> kmer (off to nowhere)     \-> kmer -> kmer -> kmer (off to nowhere)
 </​code>​ </​code>​
 +path diverges but does not reconverge, resulting in source/sink dead-ends (these are likely due to read errors)
  
-Collapse bubbles:+== Bubbles==
 <​code>​ <​code>​
     /-> kmer -> kmer -> kmer -\     /-> kmer -> kmer -> kmer -\
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 </​code>​ </​code>​
  
-Other issues:+ path splits due to a SNP but then converges. this can happen with real SNPs, read error SNPs, and real repeats which differ by a SNP or two
  
-Loop:+== Loop: ==
 <​code>​ <​code>​
 kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer -> kmer
                             \- kmers <-/                             \- kmers <-/
 </​code>​ </​code>​
 +tandem repeats will generate a circle, but have edges in and out; hard to disambiguate copy # though. If the data is really clean (ie, in/out edges are ~10 read-depth with low SD, and inside circle has ~20 read-depth with low SD), can guess that there might be 2 copies of the repeat, but not highly reliable
  
-Take the loop? +== Multiple paths: ​==
- +
-Multiple paths:+
 <​code>​ <​code>​
 A                      B A                      B
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 Largest bias usually comes from PCR for amplification. Largest bias usually comes from PCR for amplification.
  
-Need to collapse the graph (both overlap and de Bruijn) to assemble the reads.+===Assembly:​=== 
 +algorithms ​(both overlap and de Bruijn) ​need to collapse bubbles and trim spurs.\\ 
 +spurs: discard if their read count is low\\ 
 +bubbles: tricky, because they can represent real, divergent paths 
 + 
 + 
lecture_notes/04-09-2010.txt · Last modified: 2010/04/12 21:37 by cbrumbau