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banana_slug_biology [2010/04/01 23:21]
hlee
banana_slug_biology [2010/04/25 19:58]
hyjkim
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 =====Taxonomy===== =====Taxonomy=====
 The term "​banana slug" refers to any member of the genus //​Ariolimax//,​ of which there are three species. They are part of the mollusc superfamily Arionoidea, which contains most terrestrial air-breathing slugs. ​ Within //​Ariolimax//,​ there are three species: //A. columbianus//,​ //A. californicus//,​ and //A. dolichophallus//,​ which is the UC Santa Cruz mascot. The term "​banana slug" refers to any member of the genus //​Ariolimax//,​ of which there are three species. They are part of the mollusc superfamily Arionoidea, which contains most terrestrial air-breathing slugs. ​ Within //​Ariolimax//,​ there are three species: //A. columbianus//,​ //A. californicus//,​ and //A. dolichophallus//,​ which is the UC Santa Cruz mascot.
 +
 =====Appearance and Anatomy===== =====Appearance and Anatomy=====
 //Ariolimax dolichophallus//,​ the slender banana slug, can grow up to 7" long.  As the name suggests, banana slugs are usually bright yellow in color, although they can also be green, black, brown, or white. //Ariolimax dolichophallus//,​ the slender banana slug, can grow up to 7" long.  As the name suggests, banana slugs are usually bright yellow in color, although they can also be green, black, brown, or white.
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 Banana slugs are hermaphroditic,​ possessing both male and female genitalia. ​ Though they are capable of self-fertilization,​ cross mating is more typical slug behavior. ​ When a slug is ready to mate, it will release pheromones into its slime as a signal to other slugs. ​ The slugs release sperm into each other and fertilize the eggs.  After mating, the slugs will gnaw off each others male genitalia to disengage. ​ Sperm collected in this fashion can be stored internally for several months, to allow immature eggs to fully develop before fertilization. Banana slugs are hermaphroditic,​ possessing both male and female genitalia. ​ Though they are capable of self-fertilization,​ cross mating is more typical slug behavior. ​ When a slug is ready to mate, it will release pheromones into its slime as a signal to other slugs. ​ The slugs release sperm into each other and fertilize the eggs.  After mating, the slugs will gnaw off each others male genitalia to disengage. ​ Sperm collected in this fashion can be stored internally for several months, to allow immature eggs to fully develop before fertilization.
  
-Many animals are predators of the banana slug, including birds, raccoons, snakes, and salamanders. ​ However, due to the mucous secreted by the slug, most such predators will roll the slug around in the dirt to remove the slime before eating the slug.((http://​bss.sfsu.edu/holzman/courses/fall00projects/bananaslug.html))+Many animals are predators of the banana slug, including birds, raccoons, snakes, and salamanders. ​ However, due to the mucous secreted by the slug, most such predators will roll the slug around in the dirt to remove the slime before eating the slug.((http://​www.greatwildoutdoors.com/​2007/​09/​10/​banana-slug/​)) 
 + 
 +===== Search Strategies ===== 
 + 
 +To find the rather sparse literature on //A. dolichophallus//​ requires doing sensitive literature searches, then weeding the results to get higher specificity. ​ This section should list searches tried, how many hits they got, and what sort of specificity they had.  The results should be collected in the Annotated Bibliography section. 
 +===== Annotated Bibliography ===== 
 + 
 +I have uploaded a long bibliography by Janet Leonard {{:​ariolimax_bibliography_janet_leonard.doc}} 
 +Please extract citations from there and work them into this bibliography. 
 +She has a lot of older works that would be difficult to find electronically,​ but does not include anything newer than 2002, when she created the bibliography. 
 + 
 +  * **Heritable body size mediates apparent life-history trade-offs in a simultaneous hermaphrodite**[(cite:​body_size>​ 
 +Heritable body size mediates apparent life-history trade-offs in a simultaneous hermaphrodite\\ 
 +B. L. W. MILLER & B. SINERVO\\ 
 +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA\\ 
 +Journal of Evolutionary Biology\\ 
 +Volume 20 Issue 4, Pages 1554 - 1562\\ 
 +Published Online: 16 Apr 2007\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1111/​j.1420-9101.2007.01331.x|10.1111/​j.1420-9101.2007.01331.x]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Palatability of monoterpenoid compositional types of Satureja douglasii to a generalist molluscan herbivore, Ariolimax dolichophallus**[(cite:​palatability>​ 
 +Randy L. Rice, David E. Lincoln, Jean H. Langenheim, Palatability of monoterpenoid compositional types of Satureja douglasii to a generalist molluscan herbivore, Ariolimax dolichophallus,​ Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Volume 6, Issue 1, 1978, Pages 45-53, ISSN 0305-1978.\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0305-1978(78)90023-6|10.1016/​0305-1978(78)90023-6]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **The darting game in snails and slugs**[(cite:​darting_game>​ 
 +Menno Schilthuizen,​ The darting game in snails and slugs, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 20, Issue 11, November 2005, Pages 581-584, ISSN 0169-5347.\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.tree.2005.08.014|10.1016/​j.tree.2005.08.014]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Penis-biting slugs: wild claims and confusions**[(cite:​penis_biting>​ 
 +Heike Reise, John M. C. Hutchinson, Penis-biting slugs: wild claims and confusions, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 17, Issue 4, 1 April 2002, Page 163, ISSN 0169-5347.\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​S0169-5347(02)02453-9|10.1016/​S0169-5347(02)02453-9]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Sex role preferences,​ gender conflict and sperm trading in simultaneous hermaphrodites**[(cite:​gender_conflict>​ 
 +Nils Anthes, Annika Putz, Nico K. Michiels, Sex role preferences,​ gender conflict and sperm trading in simultaneous hermaphrodites:​ a new framework, Animal Behaviour, Volume 72, Issue 1, July 2006, Pages 1-12, ISSN 0003-3472.\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​j.anbehav.2005.09.017|10.1016/​j.anbehav.2005.09.017]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Revision of the Giant West Coast Land Slugs of the Genus Ariolimax Moerch**[(cite:​giant_west_slugs_review>​ 
 +Revision of the Giant West Coast Land Slugs of the Genus Ariolimax Moerch (Pulmonata: Arionidae)\\ 
 +Albert R. Mead\\ 
 +American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Nov., 1943), pp. 675-717\\ 
 +Published by: The University of Notre Dame\\ 
 +Stable URL: [[http://​www.jstor.org/​stable/​2421208]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Sexual conflict and partner manipulation in the banana slug, Ariolimax dolichophallus**[(cite:​partner_manipulation>​ 
 +Sexual conflict and partner manipulation in the banana slug, Ariolimax dolichophallus. \\ 
 +Miller, Brooke L. W.\\ 
 +Ph.D. dissertation,​ University of California, Santa Cruz, United States -- California. \\ 
 +Retrieved April 22, 2010, from Dissertations & Theses @ University of California.(Publication No. AAT 3265732).\\ 
 +Document URL: [[http://​proquest.umi.com/​pqdlink?​did=1362529141&​Fmt=7&​clientId=1565&​RQT=309&​VName=PQD]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Sex and the banana slug: A comparison of courtship and copulation in Ariolimax californicus and Ariolimax dolichophallus**[(cite:​sex_and_the_slug>​ 
 +Sex and the banana slug: A comparison of courtship and copulation in Ariolimax californicus and Ariolimax dolichophallus 
 +Meeting of American Malacological Society / Western Society of Malacologists 2000, pp. 18 
 +Janet L. Leonard and John Pearse 
 +Joseph M. Long Marine Laboratory, 100 Shaffer Rd, University of California - Santa Cruz, 
 +Santa Cruz, California 95060, U.S.A. 
 +Document URL: [[http://​www.malacological.org/​meetings/​archives/​2000/​2000_abs.pdf]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Phally polymorphism and reproductive biology in Ariolimax buttoni**[(cite:​phally_polymorphism>​ 
 +Phally polymorphism and reproductive biology in Ariolimax buttoni\\ 
 +American Malacological Bulletin 23(1):​121-135. 2007\\ 
 +Janet L. Leonard, Jane A. Westfall, John S. Pearse\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.4003/​0740-2783-23.1.121|10.4003/​0740-2783-23.1.121]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Comparative reproductive biology of Ariolimax californicus and A. dolichophallus**[(cite:​compar_reproductive_bio>​ 
 +Comparative reproductive biology of Ariolimax californicus and A. dolichophallus\\ 
 +LEONARD Janet L. ; PEARSE John S. ; HARPER Alice Bryant ;\\ 
 +Invertebrate reproduction & development ​  ISSN 0792-4259 \\ 
 +2002, vol. 41, no1-3, pp. 83-93]\\ 
 +Balaban, Rehovot, ISRAEL ​ 1989 Revue\\ 
 +Document URL: [[http://​cat.inist.fr/?​aModele=afficheN&​cpsidt=13925818]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Bateman'​s Principle and Simultaneous Hermaphrodites:​ A Paradox**[(cite:​bateman_paradox>​ 
 +Bateman'​s Principle and Simultaneous Hermaphrodites:​ A Paradox\\ 
 +Integrative and Comparative Biology 45(5):​856-873. 2005\\ 
 +Janet L. Leonard \\ 
 +Joseph M. Long Marine Laboratory, University of California\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1093/​icb/​45.5.856|10.1093/​icb/​45.5.856]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Slugs: A Guide to the Invasive and Native Fauna of California**[(cite:​california_slugs>​ 
 +Slugs: A Guide to the Invasive and Native Fauna of California\\ 
 +Publication Number: 8336\\ 
 +Author: RORY MC DONNELL\\ 
 +Inventory Type: PDF File\\ 
 +ISBN-13: 978-1-60107-564-2 
 +Copyright Date: 2009\\ 
 +Length: 21 pp.\\ 
 +url: [[http://​anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8336.pdf]].)] 
 + 
 + 
 +  * **Field guide to the slug**[(cite:​field_guide>​ 
 +Field guide to the slug by David George Gordon, Western Society of Malcologists,​ Published in Sasquatch field guide series in 1950. ISBN 1-57061-011-8\\ 
 +url: [[http://books.google.com/​books?​hl=en&​lr=&​id=aj-5iUAjvjgC&​oi=fnd&​pg=PA5&​dq=Ariolimax+dolichophallus&​ots=wQ60VTR3fN&​sig=SEzmpgFPljoPh0cvf93v0U-HICU#​v=onepage&​q&​f=false]].)
 + 
 +  * **The Evolution of male and female reproductive traits in simultaneously hermaphroditic terrestrial gastropods**[(cite:​reproductive_traits>​ 
 +The Evolution of male and female reproductive traits in simultaneously hermaphroditic terrestrial gastropods.\\ 
 +Kathleen Beese, Doctoral thesis:​2003-2007. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Switzerland.\\ 
 +url: [[http://​edoc.unibas.ch/​577/​1/​DissB_7878.pdf]].)
 + 
 +  * **The Edibility of Polygyra and Ariolimax** A short note of a German man from Clark County Oregon who claims Ariolimax Columbianus has "good flavor"​ after proper preparation. The slug is washed in dillute vinegar to remove slime, cleaned like a fish and fried in butter. [(cite:​Ariolimax_palatibility>​ 
 +Allen, J.A. 1916. Edibility of Polygyra and Ariolimax. Nautilus 29, 143.\\ 
 +url: [[http://​biodiversitylibrary.org/​page/​1815918]].)] 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 +==== Things Banana Slugs Eat ==== 
 + 
 +=== Satureja douglasii === 
 + 
 +  * **Variation of Satureja douglasii monoterpenoids in relation to light intensity and herbivory**[(cite:​monoterpenoid_variation>​ 
 +David E. Lincoln, Jean H. Langenheim, Variation of Satureja douglasii monoterpenoids in relation to light intensity and herbivory, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Volume 7, Issue 4, 26 November 1979, Pages 289-298, ISSN 0305-1978.\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0305-1978(79)90006-1|10.1016/​0305-1978(79)90006-1]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **A genetic approach to monoterpenoid compositional variation in Satureja douglasii**[(cite:​monoterpenoid_genetic>​ 
 +David E. Lincoln, Jean H. Langenheim, A genetic approach to monoterpenoid compositional variation in Satureja douglasii, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Volume 9, Issues 2-3, 10 November 1981, Pages 153-160, ISSN 0305-1978.\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0305-1978(81)90033-8|10.1016/​0305-1978(81)90033-8]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **The effect of moisture stress on monoterpenoid yield and composition in Satureja douglasii**[(cite:​moisture_stress>​ 
 +Jonathan Gershenzon, David E. Lincoln, Jean H. Langenheim, The effect of moisture stress on monoterpenoid yield and composition in Satureja douglasii, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Volume 6, Issue 1, 1978, Pages 33-43, ISSN 0305-1978.\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0305-1978(78)90022-4|10.1016/​0305-1978(78)90022-4]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Effect of light and temperature on monoterpenoid yield and composition in Satureja douglasii**[(cite:​monoterenoid_yield>​ 
 +David E. Lincoln, Jean H. Langenheim, Effect of light and temperature on monoterpenoid yield and composition in Satureja douglasii, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Volume 6, Issue 1, 1978, Pages 21-32, ISSN 0305-1978.\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0305-1978(78)90021-2|10.1016/​0305-1978(78)90021-2]].)]  
 + 
 +=== Hymenaea courbaril === 
 + 
 +  * **Effect of moisture stress on composition and yield in leaf resin of Hymenaea courbaril**[(cite:​moister_stress2>​ 
 +Jean H. Langenheim, Will H. Stubblebine,​ Craig E. Foster, Effect of moisture stress on composition and yield in leaf resin of Hymenaea courbaril, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Volume 7, Issue 1, 1979, Pages 21-28, ISSN 0305-1978.\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0305-1978(79)90036-X|10.1016/​0305-1978(79)90036-X]].)]  
 + 
 +  * **Variation in terpenes and phenolics through leaf development in Hymenaea and its possible significance to herbivory**[(cite:​terpene_variation>​ 
 +David R. Crankshaw, Jean H. Langenheim, Variation in terpenes and phenolics through leaf development in Hymenaea and its possible significance to herbivory, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Volume 9, Issues 2-3, 10 November 1981, Pages 115-124, ISSN 0305-1978.\\ 
 +doi:​[[http://​dx.doi.org/​10.1016/​0305-1978(81)90029-6|10.1016/​0305-1978(81)90029-6]].)]  
 + 
 + 
 +===== References ===== 
 +<​refnotes>​notes-separator:​ none</​refnotes>​ 
 +~~REFNOTES cite~~